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Time is an Emergent Phenomena of Moving Dimensions-It is Not a
Dimension
Einstein's, Penrose's (and many leading physicist's) mistaken view of
"the future being out there" in a block universe arises because
physicists misleadingly label "time" the fourth dimension, thus
implying that just as we can move anywhere in the three spatial
dimensions, such as up and down and back again, so too can we move
anywhere in the time dimension, to the past, the future, and back
again, implying that both the past and future must exist, as sure as
New York and Los Angeles.

But time is not so much the fourth dimension as it is an emergent
phenomena that arises because a fourth dimension is expanding at the
rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions in a spherically
symmetric manner in units of the Planck length.

The Debate Over the Block Universe: MDT To the Rescue:
Again we see quantum mechanics and relativity at odds over the debate
of the block universe implied by relativity, which seems to imply a
definitive, real future, which seemingly contradicts quantum mechanic's
inherent randomness and free will. MDT resolves this paradox by viewing
time not as the fourth dimension, but as a phenomena that emerges
because the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions. Because all time is measured via the propagation of
photons, and because all photons propagate as matter carried along by
the expanding fourth dimension, time has oft been ascribed properties
of a fourth dimension similar to the three spatial dimensions,
resulting in paradoxical, misleading interpretations of the universe.
Suffice it to say MDT sees time not as a dimension, but as an emergent
property of a fourth dimension expanding relative to three spatial
dimensions.

In their paper concerning the paradoxes outlined above, "The Debate
over the Block Universe," Isham, C.J. and J.C. Polkinghorne write:

http://www.meta-library.net/ctns-vo/isham-body.html

"Proponents of the block universe appeal to special and general
relativity to support a timeless view in which all spacetime events
have equal ontological status. The finite speed of light, the light
cone structure, and the downfall of universal simultaneity and with it
the physical status of "flowing time" in special relativity result in a
heightened tendency to ontologize spacetime. The additional
arbitrariness in the choice of time coordinates in general relativity
makes flowing time physically meaningless. Thus no fundamental meaning
can be ascribed to the "present" as the moving barrier with the kind of
unique and universal significance needed to unequivocally distinguish
"past" from "future." Instead the flowing present is a mental
construct, and four-dimensional spacetime is an "eternally existing"
structure. God may know the temporality of events as experienced
subjectively by creatures, but God cannot act temporally, since flowing
time has no fundamental meaning in nature. Theologians must accept the
Boethian and even gnostic implications of the block universe."

http://www.meta-library.net/ctns-vo/isham-body.html

Isham and Polkinghorne continue: "Opponents of the block universe begin
by distinguishing between kinematics and dynamics. Special relativity
imposes only kinematic constraints on the structure of spacetime. The
dynamics of quantum physics and chaos theory encourages a view of
nature as open and temporal, thus allowing for both human and divine
agency. The problem of the lack of universal simultaneity is lessened
since simultaneity is an a posteriori construct. Philosophically
disposed to critical realism, opponents are wary of the incipient
reductionism of the block view. They resist the Boethian implications
of relativity, and argue instead that divine omnipresence must be
redefined in terms of a special frame of reference, perhaps one
provided by the cosmic background radiation. God's knowledge of
spacetime events in terms of this frame of reference will be
constrained by both the world's causal sequence and the distinction
between past and future. Similarly God's actions will be consistent
with relativity theory."

http://www.meta-library.net/ctns-vo/isham-body.html

In MDT, both quantum mechanics and relativity are in perfect harmony,
but the time in relativity is not a dimension on equal footing with the
three spatial dimensions. Rather, time is an emergent parameter arising
from matter (photons) being carried along with a fourth dimension that
is expanding at a constant rate relative to the three spatial
dimensions.

In a chapter called Beyond String Theory in his book The Trouble With
Physics: The Rise Of String Thory, The Fall of Science, And What Comes
Next, Lee Smolin writes:

". . . I believe there is something basic we are all missing, some
wrong assumption we are all making. If this is so, then we need to
isolate the wrong assumption and replace it with a new idea. What
could this wrong assumption be? My guess is that it involves two
things: the foundations of quantum mechanics and the nature of time. .
. More and more, I have the feeling that quantum theory and general
relativity are both deeply wrong about the nature of time. It is not
enough to combine them. There is a deeper problem, perhaps going back
to the origin of physics." -Lee Smolin, p. 256, The Trouble With
Physics: The Rise Of String Theory, The Fall of Science, And What Comes
Next

MDT provides a deeper understanding of time, viewing time not as the
fourth dimension, but as an emergent property of the a fourth dimension
that is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions. Thus time
inherits properties of the fourth dimension, but it is not the fourth
dimension. This is obvious to most people who know one can choose to
move right or left, but one cannot walk backwards in time.

"Around the beginning of the seventeenth century, Descartes and
Galileo both made a most wonderful discovery: You could draw a graph,
with one axis being space and the other being time. . . In this way,
time is represented as if it were another dimension of space. Motion
is frozen, and a whole history of constant motion and change is
presented to us as something static and unchanging. If I had to guess.
.. . this is the scene of the crime." -Lee Smolin, p. 257, The
Trouble With Physics: The Rise Of String Theory, The Fall of Science,
And What Comes Next

MDT solves the crime. MDT provides a deeper understanding of time,
viewing time not as the fourth dimension, but as an emergent property
of the a fourth dimension that is expanding relative to the three
spatial dimensions. Thus time inherits properties of the fourth
dimension, but it is not the fourth dimension. This is obvious to most
people who know one can choose to move right or left, but one cannot
walk backwards in time.

"We have to find a way to unfreeze time-to represent time without
turning it into space. I have no idea how to do this. I can't
conceive of a mathematics that doesn't represent the world as if it
were frozen in eternity. It's terribly hard to represent time, and
that's why there's a good chance that this representation is the
missing piece." -Lee Smolin, p. 257, The Trouble With Physics: The
Rise Of String Theory, The Fall of Science, And What Comes Next

Behold the fundamental equation of Moving Dimensions Theory:

"One thing is clear: I can't get anywhere thinking about this kind
of problem within the confines of string theory. Since string theory
is limited to the descrïption of strings and branes moving in
fixed-background spacetime geometries, it offers nothing for someone
who wants to break new ground thinking about the nature of time or
quantum theory. Background-independent approaches offer a better
starting point, because they have already transcended the classical
picture of space and time. And they are simple to define and easy to
play with." -Lee Smolin, p. 257, The Trouble With Physics: The
Rise Of String Theory, The Fall of Science, And What Comes Next


MDT & Time's Arrow / 2nd Law of Thermodyamics / Entropy

Entropy states that the universe tends towards disorder. This is
because the fourth dimension is expanding in a spherically symmetric
manner, constantly carrying all initially close photons and particles
away from one another-thus a drop of food coloring in a pool is carried
outward and evenly distributed as time evolves. Because the fourth
dimension is expanding as a spherically symmetric wavefront through the
three spatial dimensions, photons, as well as all matter that interacts
with photons, exhibits a probability to move in a spherically symmetric
manner. Thus, if we have a clump of atoms in the middle of a room, a
probability exists for the atoms to spread apart in a spherically
symmetrical manner, being carried along by the expanding time
dimension.

Traveling Backwards in Time:
The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions. The expansion appears as a spherically-symmetric wave-front
propagating throughout the three spatial dimensions. This is the prime
mover-the fundamental source of all time, energy, and motion. When
matter exists completely in the fourth dimension, it appears as a
photon, expanding in a spherical wave-front relative to the three
spatial dimensions. Now Huygen's Principle shows that each point upon
the crest of a spherically symmetric wavefront is itself a spherically
symmetric wavefront. That means that there is a finite probability that
a photon's spherical wavefront will collapse into a smaller region, in
which case it might be measured to be somewhere where it was. Such a
photon may be said to be traveling back in time, and such a photon will
have traveled less than the speed of light.

On the quantum scale, where the fourth dimension is expanding in units
of the Planck length, there is a higher chance of light being measured
to move slower or faster than the speed of light-there is a higher
chance of a photon traveling backwards, or its expanding wave front
getting a little smaller as opposed to bigger, but over large distances
the speed of light is determined to be c.

And just like photons, electrons and other particles may from be seen
to go back in time. All this means is that their wave functions are
surfing a region of the fourth-dimension which is contracting as
opposed to expanding-there is a small probability of this happening,
due to Huygen's principle, as elaborated on above.

But time travel on a macroscopic scale is prohibited, as the past and
future do not exist. We do not live in a block universe, wherein time
is a dimension, but rather time is an emergent phenomena, accounted for
with MDT's postulate: the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the
three spatial dimensions.

Godel's Block Universe Paradox Resolved
In 1949 Godel published a paper showing that within the theory of
relativity, time as we understand it, does not exist. Einstein
recognized Godel's paper as "an important contribution to the general
theory of relativity," and since then physicists have not been able to
find any logical shortcomings in Godel's work, and nobody has been able
to account for the existence of time. But the Theory of Moving
Dimensions accounts for time as we know it by showing that it is an
emergent property of the underlying dimension's intrinsic relative
movement.

Godel wrote, "By making a round trip on a rocket ship in a sufficiently
wide course, it is possible in these worlds to travel into any region
of the past, present, and future, and back again, exactly as it is
possible in other worlds to travel to distant parts of space. This
state of affairs seems to imply an absurdity. For it enables one to
travel into the near past of those places where he himself lived. There
he would find a person who would be himself at some earlier period of
life. Now he could do something to this person, which, by his memory,
he knows has not happened to him."

Kaku writes, "Kurt Godel's essay constitutes, in my opinion, an
important contribution to the general theory of relativity, especially
to the analysis of the concept of time. The problem here involved
disturbed me already at the time of the building up of the general
theory of relativity, without my having succeeded in clarifying it...
The distinction "earlier-later" is abandoned for world-points which lie
far apart in a cosmological sense, and those paradoxes, regarding the
direction of the causal connection, arise, of which Mr. Godel has
spoken. . . It will be interesting to weigh whether these are not to be
excluded on physical grounds." -Michio Kaku

The mistake Einstein made in his formulation was confusing time itself
with the fourth dimension. Time is an emergent property that we witness
because of the fourth dimension expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions, and because it thus inherits properties of a dimension, it
is all too tempting for physicists to refer to time as a dimension.

Time travel is impossible both in reality and Moving Dimensions theory,
though I encourage prominent physicists to keep on writing books about
time machines and bookstores to stock them in the science-fiction
sections.

Time arises from the interaction of the expanding fourth dimension with
the three spatial dimensions, but many physicists mistakenly labeled
the fourth dimension as the time dimension.

A lot of confusion has arisen by from this mislabeling coupled with the
physicists' tendency to over-extend metaphors. As soon as physicists
mistakenly labeled the fourth dimension the time dimension, they were
eager to see it as an entity analogous to the three spatial dimensions,
where one can get from any point to any other point.

But time is an emergent property deriving from the expansion of a
single spatial dimension relative to the three other stationary spatial
dimensions. The fourth dimension expands in units of the Planck length
at the rate of c, so in a sense the fourth dimension is only ever
Planck's length deep to all macroscopic objects. Only a photon can
exist in this dimension, orthogonal to the three dimensions, and at
that point a photon is matter surfing the expanding dimension. Huygen's
principle demonstrates that every point along a spherically symmetric
wavefront is the source of a spherically symmetric wave, and so it is
with a photon. This is because every point in space-time is the source
of a spherically symmetric expansion of the fourth dimension relative
to the three stationary dimensions.

Time travel to any significant degree is impossible because the time
dimension never reaches deeper than Planck's length. You could only go
back in time by Planck's time, which wouldn't be very useful!

Physicists enjoy viewing the time dimension on equal footing with the
spatial dimensions. After all, they say it is just another a
"dimension" that just happens to have a minus sign infront of it in the
space-time metric. But they never seek to explain the minus sign.
Instead they rush straight ahead into all their ridiculous notions of
time travel, stating that just as we can get from any point A to any
point B in space, we can get from any point A to any point B in time.
But time travel has never been accomplished, nor will it ever be.

Physicists were right in recognizing that time is a dimension, but they
fell short in recognizing that it was different from the three spatial
dimensions in that it is expanding at the rate of c relative to the
three spatial dimensions.

The notion of past, present, and future is more related to the change
of energy than it is to the actual existence of a physical past, a
physical present, and a physical future. Only the present ever exists,
and the past is what is recorded in our minds-it exists nowhere else.

But because time is a dimension, physicists were seduced into believing
one could travel anywhere within it. But in reality we never get any
further than Planck's length deep in time, and it is at that depth
that photons surf through the universe, while electrons oscillate, and
out bodies maintain their average position firmly in the three spatial
dimensions as the time dimension expands relentlessly about us in units
of Planck's length.

"For Godel, if there is time travel, there isn't time. The goal of the
great logician was not to make room in physics for one's favorite
episode of Star Trek, but rather to demonstrate that if one follows the
logic of relativity further even than its father was willing to
venture, the results will not just illuminate but eliminate the reality
of time." -A World Without Time, Palle Yourgrau

Unification of QM and Relativity
Relativity becomes increasingly exact at long-length scales but fails
at short ones because space-time itself is quantized, as the time
dimension is expanding in units of the Planck length. The concept of
general relativity's smooth geometry, at large scales, disappears on
short-distance scales-this has been a problem to string theorists, but
only because they were never bold enough to recognize that's the way it
is because that's the way it is-GR does not break down at distances
smaller than the Planck length because such distances do not exist with
any degree of certainty. The fourth dimension is expanding relative to
the three spatial dimensions in units of the Planck length, and thus
distances smaller than the Planck length cannot be measured nor
defined.

In An Elegant Universe, Brian Greene writes, "Recall that the problem
in merging general relativity and quantum mechanics turns up when the
central tenet of the former-that space and time constitute a smoothly
curving geometrical structure-confronts the essential feature of the
latter-that everything in the universe, including the fabric of space
and time, undergoes quantum fluctuations that become increasingly
turbulent when probed on smaller and smaller distance scales. On
sub-Planck-scale distances, the quantum undulations are so violent that
they destroy the notion of a smoothly curving geometrical space; this
means that general relativity breaks down."

But general relativity does not break down. It works perfectly well,
holding the planets in their orbits, curving space and time about
massive objects, bending light just so, in accordance with Einstein's
equations.

General relativity does not break down at sub-Planck-scale distances
because such distances do not exist. The fourth dimension is expanding
relative to the three spatial dimensions in units of the Planck length,
and thus all physical measurements and physical definitions are larger
than the Planck length. General relativity need have no fear of ever
breaking down at distances smaller than the Planck length, because such
distances do not exist in the physical world!!

Moving Dimensions & String Theory
After thirty years and billions of dollars, all it has to show for
itself is a cult following. Not postulates. No laws. No equations.
No predictions. Before string theory can be tested, it first must step
forward with something to test. String theory must step forward with
simple postulates, laws, predictions, and equations-until that day,
it will remain a hoax to the degree it is funded.

Whereas String Theory retreats into realms beyond physical reality,
beyond experimental tests, beyond postulates, laws, and predictions,
Moving Dimensions Theory stays simply wedded to a single
postulate-the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three
spatial dimensions. Where String Theory retreats into a mathematical
realm where postulates, laws, words, and physical intuition are blinded
so that politics and strategic faith might reign supreme, MDT seeks a
return to those simpler days of physics, where physics was reduced to
first principles.

Perhaps String Theory could find a new home as a subset of MDT, wherein
the vibrating strings are vibrating/surfing upon wavefronts of the a
fourth dimension that's expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions.

Zeno's Paradox Resolved

If you travel from point A to point B, you must travel half of the
distance to point B before traveling the complete distance. Now from
that point you must again travel half the remaining distance. If you
continue to do so (travel half the remaining distance) you will never
reach point B.

Extended to its logical conclusion, this reasoning implies that you
could never move in the first place.

But things move.

Motion is a fundamental part of the universe. And that is because it is
embedded within the four dimensions, which consist of three stationary
dimensions and one that is expanding with a velocity of c in a
spherically symmetric manner, in units of Planck's length, relative to
the three stationary dimensions.

Because the time dimension is expanding at a uniform rate equally in
all directions, every particle has a greater chance of being somewhere
different than where it currently is as time moves on. For every
particle is subject to the whims of this ever-expanding dimension.

Stephen Hawking's Block Universe: Wrong

Hawking writes, "Quantum theory introduces a new idea, that of
imaginary time. Imaginary time may sound like science fiction, and it
has been brought into Doctor Who [an English Star Trek]. But never the
less, it is a genuine scientific concept. One can picture it in the
following way. One can think of ordinary, real, time as a horizontal
line. On the left, one has the past, and on the right, the future. But
there's another kind of time in the vertical direction. This is called
imaginary time, because it is not the kind of time we normally
experience. But in a sense, it is just as real, as what we call real
time."

Hawking's logic succumbs to a common physical misinterpretation of
time. In stating, "One can think of ordinary, real, time as a
horizontal line. On the left, one has the past, and on the right, the
future," Hawking is confusing our notion of time that is an emergent
phenomena arising from a fourth dimension expanding relative to three
spatial dimensions with the fallacious view of time as a dimension, on
equal footing with space. Hawking's and Penrose's mistaken view of "the
future being out there" arises because of physicists misleadingly
labeling "time" the fourth dimension, thus implying that just as we can
move anywhere in the three spatial dimensions, such as up and down and
back again, so too can we move anywhere in the time dimension, to the
past, the future, and back again, implying that both the past and
future must exist, as sure as New York and Los Angeles.

Time is an emergent phenomena of a fourth dimension expanding relative
to the three spatial dimensions-thus time sometimes appears to have
dimensional properties. A Lorentz transformation can rotate an object
into the "time" dimension, and we can appear to travel through the
"time" dimension, but in both cases the time dimension is our
interpretation of physical events in a universe with a fourth dimension
that is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions. All time
is measured relative to the propagation of photons, and because all
photons propagates via surfing the fourth dimension that is expanding
relative to the three spatial dimensions, time has oft been ascribed
properties of a fourth dimension.

Peter Lynds' View of Time: Closer to MDT's Reality

In Peter Lynds' abstract to "Time and classical and quantum mechanics:
Indeterminacy vs. discontinuity," Lynds states, "It is postulated there
is not a precise static instant in time underlying a dynamical physical
process at which the relative position of a body in relative motion or
a specific physical magnitude would theoretically be precisely
determined. It is concluded it is exactly because of this that time
(relative interval as indicated by a clock) and the continuity of a
physical process is possible, with there being a necessary trade off of
all precisely determined physical values at a time, for their
continuity through time. This explanation is also shown to be the
correct solution to the motion and infinity paradoxes, excluding the
Stadium, originally conceived by the ancient Greek mathematician Zeno
of Elea. Quantum Cosmology, Imaginary Time and Chronons are also then
discussed, with the latter two appearing to be superseded on a
theoretical basis." (Lynds, Peter, Foundations of Physics Letters,
16(4), 343-355, 2003)

This is because time is an emergent phenomena, arising because the
fourth dimension is expanding at a rate of c relative to the three
stationary spatial dimensions in unitis of the Planck length. There is
no precise time underlying a physical process because all measurements
of time are limited by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, as the
expansion of the fourth dimension, by which time is defined, is
occurring in quantized units of the Planck length.

Lynds sees that there is no precise time underlying a physical process
because he argues that to have a defined position with respect to time
would mean that a moving object would have to be frozen. However, this
never happens, because all motion takes place upon a backround where
time is not a dimension nor a parameter, but a device that we have used
as a tool to measure distance, interval, and motion as best we know
how. That this has led to paradoxes is no wonder, but the paradoxes are
resolved with viewing time not as a fourth dimension, but as an
emergent phenomena that rises because a fourth dimension is expanding
relative to the three spatial dimensions in units of the Planck length,
and that it is this fourth dimension that carries photons by which all
measurements of time are made. Thus time is fundamentally quantum
mechanical in behavior, inheriting a probabilistic and quantized
nature, and when quantum mechanics manifests itself throughout the
macroscopic world, it is often deemed paradoxical.

MDT & Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle:
Because the fourth dimension is expanding in quantized units, and
because all measurements require energy which only ever propagates in
quantized units as all energy is the result of photons surfing the
expanding fourth dimension, there is an inherent limitation to the
detail of measurement, arising from the nature of the quantized
expansion of the fourth dimension relative to the three spatial
dimensions.

Newton's Laws, Inertia & The Conservation Laws:
The Law of Inertia: All objects conserve their relative rotation in
space-time. An accelerated objected is rotated more into the expanding
fourth dimension, resulting in an increased probability it will move
relative to the three spatial dimensions. This is accomplished by
adding photons to the object, thereby increasing its mass along with
the net object's (object+photons) probability of existing in the
expanding third dimension. A decelerated electron emits photons,
lowering its probability of being in the fourth expanding dimension, as
its velocity relative to the three spatial dimensions slows.

Probability/Rotation are Conserved:
Every entity has a probability of existing in both space and time. The
greater a probability an entity has of existing in time, the more
energy it will be observed to have from a stationary observer. Energy
is added to an object by the way of photons, and thus all additions of
energy to any object increase the objects mass.

Take an electron in a particle accelerator for example. As energy is
added to it, it circles the accelerator faster and faster and gains
more and more mass. The more photons that are added to it, the higher
the probability it exists in the time dimension. It is rotated into the
time dimension, and its time slows down as its effective length
contracts.

The probability of being in the space and time dimensions is a
conserved quantity, manifesting itself as the conservation of momentum
and energy. If no energy is added or subtracted, its momentum and
energy remain constant-its rotation in space-time remains constant.

As an object is given energy, the added photons give the net object a
higher probability of being in the time dimension, and thus it
propagates faster through the three spatial dimensions, as it "surfs"
upon crests of the expanding dimension through space-time.

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